Artificial pancreas systems: experiences from concept to commercialisation

Introduction Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, known as artificial pancreas or closed-loop glucose control systems, have been developed to improve the glycemic outcomes of people with type 1 diabetes. These systems use a control algorithm that automatically modifies the amount of insulin infused into a patient based on real-time blood glucose measurements. This study presents a summary of key clinical and technical issues related to the development of the first commercial AID systems and their evolution into commercial biomedical devices. Areas covered Highlights of each AID system are summarized through timelines, ranging from the definition of the core strategy of the control algorithm to the practical application and subsequent commercial approval. Tabulated information regarding the conducted main clinical studies is also presented. Expert opinion Insulin therapy has evolved up to the current commercial AID systems available, which have provided patients access to a safer and more effective therapy owing to automatic adjustments to insulin. However, this technology is relatively new and can be significantly improved. Limitations include the resistance of healthcare providers, high costs, and the availability of this treatment. The future of this technology is directed toward obtaining fully automatic control systems.