Gas-phase degradation of the herbicide ethalfluralin under atmospheric conditions

The gas-phase degradation of ethalfluralin, N-ethyl-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-N-(2-methylallyl)-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine, a widely used herbicide, was investigated under atmospheric conditions at the large outdoor European simulation chamber (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. The photolysis of ethalfluralin was investigated under solar radiation and the mean photolysis rate coefficient was determined: J(ethalfluralin) = (1.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(-3) s(-1) (J(NO2) = 8 x 10(-3) s(-1)). The rate coefficients for the reactions of hydroxyl radicals and ozone with ethalfluralin in the dark were also measured under atmospheric conditions using the relative rate and the absolute rate technique, respectively. The rate coefficients values for the reactions of k(OH)(ethalfluralin) = (3.5 +/- 0.9) x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), and k(O3)(ethalfluralin) = (1.6 +/- 0.4) x 10(-17) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) were determined at 300 +/- 5 K and atmospheric pressure. The results show that removal of ethalfluralin from the atmosphere by reactions with OH radicals (tau similar to 4 h) or ozone (tau similar to 25 h) is slow compared to loss by photolysis. The available kinetic data suggest that the gas-phase tropospheric degradation of ethalfluralin will be controlled mainly by photolysis and provide an estimate for the tropospheric lifetime of approximately 12 min. The atmospheric implications of using ethalfluralin as a herbicide are discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.