Sub-critical water extraction of bitumen from Huadian oil shale lumps

Three sizes of Huadian oil shale lumps from 1 cm to 10cm were extracted by sub-critical water at 350 degrees C and 16 MPa for 2-70h. The oil shale lumps were fractured alone the shale texture in sub-critical water that greatly improved the extraction efficiency of bitumen from the large- and middle-sized sample. The extract yields of bitumen from different sized samples were similar when the extraction time is longer than 20h and stabilized at about 18 wt.% (ad) after 50h duration. With the increase of extraction time, asphaltene and preasphaltene extracts were gradually decomposed to maltene. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the extracts showed that n-alkanes, n-alk-1-enes, isoprenoids, n-alk-2-ones and n-alkanoic acids were the major components. In contrast, aromatic extracts were rare and most of them were remained in the shale residue. The pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) analysis of the spent shale showed that the final undecomposed organics in kerogen were some macromolecular linear hydrocarbon, n-alk-2-ones and n-alkanoic acids fragments. The comparison of the classical pyrolyzate and the sub-critical water extracts showed that the water extracts contained more long-chain alkanes than anhydrous pyrolysis and the alkene extracts could transform to alkanes in sub-critical water. Moreover, the n-alkanoic acids could be decomposed to short-chain compounds through the cleavage of carbon carbon bonds. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.