Nursing Support of Home Hospice Caregivers on the Day of Patient Death

Purpose/Objectives: To describe nurse-caregiver communication on the day of patient death. Design: A descriptive secondary analysis of 44 audio-recorded home hospice nursing visits on day of death. Setting: Nine hospices in Utah, Oregon, and Massachusetts. Sample: 42 caregiver-patient dyads, 27 hospice nurses. Methods: Transcripts of audio recordings were coded for supportive nursing communication and relative time spent in physical, psychosocial, and spiritual discussion. Main Research Variables: Tangible, emotional, informational, esteem, and networking supportive communication; nurses' self-reported communication effectiveness; caregiver religious affiliation. Findings: Nurses reported that their communication skills were less effective when discussing difficult topics as compared to their overall communication effectiveness. Eleven patients died before the nursing visit, 3 died during the visit, and 30 died post-visit. Nurses primarily engaged in discussions facilitating caregiver emotional, tangible, and informational support. More informational support was observed when patient death occurred during the nursing visit. Time spent in general conversation showed that physical care conversations predominated (80% of the average overall amount of conversation time), compared to lifestyle/psychosocial discussions (14%) and spiritual discussions (6%). Spiritual discussions were observed in only 7 of 44 hospice visits. Spiritual discussions, although short and infrequent, were significantly longer, on average, for caregivers without a religious affiliation. Conclusions: Nurses support caregivers on the day of patient death using multiple supportive communication strategies. Spiritual discussions are minimal. Implications for Nursing: Communication skills programs can potentially increase self reported communication effectiveness. Emerging acute spiritual concerns, particularly for caregivers without a previous religious affiliation, should be anticipated. Spiritual support is included in the hospice model of holistic care.