China's pragmatist experiment in democracy: Hu Shih's pragmatism and Dewey's influence in China

In the 1920s, John Dewey's followers in China, led by his student Hu Shih, attempted to put his pragmatism into practice in their quest for democracy. This essay compares Hu Shih's thought, especially his emphasis on pragmatism as method, with Dewey's philosophical positions and evaluates Hu's achievement as a pragmatist in the context of the tumultuous times he lived in. It assesses Hu's claim that the means to democracy lies in education rather than politics, since democracy as a way of life requires a cultural renewal beyond institutional changes. It argues that a problem-centered approach to social change does not preclude radical action, even revolution. But pragmatism is against gratuitous use of violence in the service of wholesale and abstract ideals advocated by various 'isms'. While Hu's experiment of democracy in China is a significant episode in the history of pragmatism, its 'failure' does not prove that there are inherent flaws in the pragmatist method, that pragmatism is unviable for China. The failure needs to be understood in the context of the pragmatist conception of experiment, in which failures are to be expected; what is important is to learn from them to achieve better results in the next stage of inquiry. hu Shih's pragmatism contains lessons for pragmatists and for those interested int he continued quest for democracy in China--the experiment continues.