Building trust in international alliances

Two facts stand out unambiguously in today's global business. One, international alliances are proliferating, underscoring the strategic importance managers increasingly attach to "competition through cooperation. " Two, trust is key to successful international alliances. Together, these two facts point to the need to better understand trust, a task that was attempted in an earlier article (Parkhe, 1998). Yet such understanding, while necessary, is not sufficient. This article, the second of a two-part series shows how partners can preactively manage an alliance relationship in order to develop trust Toward this goal, the discussion includes trust generation through process-based characteristic-based, and institutional-based mechanisms, which are to a significant degree within alliance managers' control. Managers must also be mindful of several critical features of alliance dynamics. These are described in some detail, as is the need to appropriately "calibrate" trust level in an alliance to the lifecycle stage of the alliance. With proper management attention, too much and too little trust can be avoided.