Testing the cenozoic lower crustal flow beneath the Qinling Orogen, northeastern Tibetan Plateau

The E-W-trending Qinling Orogen lies in the transitional zone between the northeastern extent of the Tibetan Plateau and the lower-elevation portion of the continent. This region is suggested to have accommodated flow of the low-viscosity lower crust from the Tibetan Plateau northward around the Sichuan Basin during the Cenozoic Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny. To test this model, we combined field geologic mapping, balanced cross-section construction, thermochronology, and geophysical interpretation to constrain the history of crustal thickening from the Mesozoic to the present. In this study, we obtained new thermochronological data from four samples, which yielded 40Ar/39Ar ages of -194 Ma for hornblende and 208-151 Ma for biotite and apatite fission track ages of 69-42 Ma. The new thermochronological data and field mapping demonstrate that most shortening structures initially formed in the Mesozoic and underwent minor structural overprinting in the Cenozoic. Systematic structural analyses and restoration of balanced cross-sections demonstrate that the Qinling Orogen was shortened by a minimum of 35% strain (80 km shortening magnitude) after the Mesozoic Paleotethys Ocean closure and continental collision. The crust thickened substantially to >60 km, and the thermochronological data demonstrate that erosion and denudation were minor, such that the crust would have remained thick into the Cenozoic. An additional balanced cross-section across Cenozoic strata suggests >11% Cenozoic shortening, and the observed shortening alone is enough to thicken the crust to the presently observed -40-45 km. Therefore, we argue that lower crustal flow is not needed to account for the crustal thickness of the Qinling Orogen and that the data do not support the occurrence of processes associated with lower crustal flow beneath the Qinling Orogen.