Proglacial lake sediment records reveal Holocene climate changes in the Venezuelan Andes

Lake sediment records from the Cordillera de Merida in the northern Venezuelan Andes document the history of local glacial variability and climate changes during the Holocene (similar to 12 ka to the present). The valleys that contain these lakes have similar bedrock compositions and hypsometries, but have different headwall elevations and aspects, which makes them useful for investigating the magnitude of past glaciations. There was widespread glacial retreat in the Venezuelan Andes during the early Holocene, after which most watersheds remained ice free, and thus far only valleys with headwalls higher than similar to 4400 m asl contain evidence of glaciation during the last 10 ka. There was a pronounced shift in sediment composition for the Montos (headwall: similar to 4750 m asp and Los Anteojos (headwall: similar to 4400 m asl) records during the middle Holocene from similar to 8.0 to 7.7 ka when conditions appear to have become ice free and drier. There is tentative evidence that the glacier in the Mucubaji valley (headwall: similar to 4609 m asl) advanced from similar to 8.1 to 6.6 ka and then retreated during the latter stages of the middle Holocene. Clastic sediment accumulation in other nearby lake basins was either low or decreased throughout most of the middle Holocene as watersheds stabilized under warmer and/or drier conditions. In the Montos record, there was another major shift in sediment composition that occurred from similar to 6.5 to 5.7 ka, similar to other regional records that suggest conditions were drier during this period. Overall, the late Holocene was a period of warmer and wetter conditions with ice extent at a minimum in the northern tropical Andes. There were also punctuated decadal to multi-centennial periods of higher clastic sediment accumulation during the last 4 ka, likely in response to periods of cooling and/or local precipitation changes. In watersheds with headwalls above similar to 4600 m asl, there is evidence of glacial advances during the Little Ice Age ( similar to 0.6-0.1 ka). The pattern of glacial variability is generally similar in both the northern and southern tropics during the Little Ice Age, suggesting that ice margins in both regions were responding to colder and wetter conditions during the latest Holocene. The observed pattern of Holocene climate variability in the Venezuelan Andes cannot be explained by insolation forcing alone, and tropical ocean influences were likely associated with the observed glacial and lake level changes. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.