Demethylzeylasteral (T-96) inhibits triple-negative breast cancer invasion by blocking the canonical and non-canonical TGF-β signaling pathways

Inflammation is one of the characteristic features during the development of human tumors. A pro-inflammatory cytokine that is known to promote inflammation during cancer development is the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). On the other hand, demethylzeylasteral (T-96) is a natural compound isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, which has been reported to have various pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. We investigated the effects of T-96 on the highly metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Cell migration was assessed by scratch-wound migration assay, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of T-96 were examined by qPCR and Western blot analyses. We also investigated the suppression effects of T-96 on the pulmonary metastasis in the 4T1 mouse model. T-96 inhibited TGF-beta-induced migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition both in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that T-96 inhibited invasion of MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells via suppressing the canonical and non-canonical TGF-beta signaling pathways.