Collaboration among inventors is very important in patenting an invention. Inventors collaborate based on their professional knowledge and experience. Because of the non-disclosure nature of the invention process, it is difficult to test the factors influencing collaboration between inventors, e.g., gender bias. In this study, employing the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) dataset with 6.64 million patents, we have identified the gender of 4.66 million inventors, including 2.12 million lead inventors and 2.54 million joint inventors. We find that women are underrepresented in the patent collaboration process and that both genders have strong preference for same-gender inventors. Moreover, even in those fields that have equal proportions of male and female inventors, gender bias persists. These results highlight the need to intensify efforts to combat gender bias in the patenting process rather than focusing solely on the lack of equal gender representation in the numerical proportions. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机构:
Institute of Science of Science and S&T Management, Dalian University of Technology, DalianInstitute of Science of Science and S&T Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian
Wang Y.
Yang Z.
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Institute of Science of Science and S&T Management, Dalian University of Technology, DalianInstitute of Science of Science and S&T Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian
Yang Z.
Wang X.
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Institute of Science of Science and S&T Management, Dalian University of Technology, DalianInstitute of Science of Science and S&T Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian
机构:
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Ctr Technol Dev Hlth CDTS, Rio De Janeiro, BrazilFundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Ctr Technol Dev Hlth CDTS, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Carvalho, Danilo S.
Bares, Lydia
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Univ Cadiz, Dept Gen Econ, Av Enrique Villegas Velez 2, Cadiz 11002, SpainFundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Ctr Technol Dev Hlth CDTS, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Bares, Lydia
Silva, Kelyane
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Intellectual Property Acad, Brazilian Natl Inst Ind Property, Rio De Janeiro, BrazilFundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Ctr Technol Dev Hlth CDTS, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
机构:
Skidmore Coll, Dept Psychol, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USASkidmore Coll, Dept Psychol, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA
Moss-Racusin, Corinne A.
Sanzari, Christina
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机构:
Skidmore Coll, Dept Psychol, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USASkidmore Coll, Dept Psychol, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA
Sanzari, Christina
Caluori, Nava
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Skidmore Coll, Dept Psychol, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USASkidmore Coll, Dept Psychol, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA
Caluori, Nava
Rabasco, Helena
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Skidmore Coll, Dept Psychol, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USASkidmore Coll, Dept Psychol, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA
机构:
SWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities Warsaw, Ctr Res Social Relat, Warsaw, PolandSWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities Warsaw, Ctr Res Social Relat, Warsaw, Poland
Formanowicz, Magdalena
Witkowska, Marta
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SWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities Warsaw, Ctr Res Social Relat, Warsaw, PolandSWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities Warsaw, Ctr Res Social Relat, Warsaw, Poland
Witkowska, Marta
Hryniszak, Weronika
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SWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities Warsaw, Ctr Res Social Relat, Warsaw, PolandSWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities Warsaw, Ctr Res Social Relat, Warsaw, Poland
Hryniszak, Weronika
Jakubik, Zuzanna
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SWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities Warsaw, Ctr Res Social Relat, Warsaw, PolandSWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities Warsaw, Ctr Res Social Relat, Warsaw, Poland
Jakubik, Zuzanna
Cislak, Aleksandra
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SWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities Warsaw, Ctr Res Social Relat, Warsaw, PolandSWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities Warsaw, Ctr Res Social Relat, Warsaw, Poland