Deep Placement of Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Grain Yield, Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency, and Root Characteristics in Direct-Seeded Rice in South China

Deep placement of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has become one of the effective management practices for increasing crop yield and improving N recovery efficiency (NRE). However, it is unclear how different N fertilization depths affect grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and root characteristics in direct-seeded rice (DSR) in South China. Here, we conducted stainless steel-box experiment to evaluate the effects of different N fertilization depths at four fertilization depths (0, 4, 8, and 12 cm, written as D0, D4, D8, and D12, respectively) with a conventional ammonium bicarbonate fertilizer (TN = 17.7%) (150 kg N ha(-1)) and a control (no N fertilizer applied, CK) on grain yield, NRE, and root characteristics of DSR. The results indicated that both D8 and D12 significantly increased grain yields by 72.91 and 81.84%, respectively, compared with CK. The highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and NRE were found under D12 treatment, which were increased by 165.42 and 129.45% compared to D0, respectively. We also found that deep placement of N fertilizer (both D8 and D12) could also promote rice root growth such as larger root length, root superficial area, and thicker root diameter. Furthermore, nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GOGAT), and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities of flag leaves at the heading stage were also increased. The result shows that both 8 and 12 cm are relatively reasonable fertilization depths depended on adopted rice varieties when ammonia bicarbonate fertilizer is used in DSR production.