Parent-offspring conflict in primates

Parent-offspring conflict (POC) theory (Trivers, 1974) has stimulated controversy in evolutionary biology and behavioral ecology. The theory has been criticized by some primate behavioral researchers on both conceptual and empirical grounds. First, it has been argued that it would be more advantageous to mothers and offspring to agree over the allocation of parental investment and to cooperate rather than to disagree and engage in conflict. Second, some studies have provided data suggesting that primate mothers and offspring engage in behavioral conflict over the scheduling of their activities rather than parental investment. In reality, parent-offspring interactions are likely to involve both cooperation and conflict, and the hypothesis that mothers and infants squabble over the scheduling of their activities is not incompatible with POC theory. Furthermore, the predictions of POC theory are supported by a number of empirical studies of primates. POC theory has enhanced our understanding of the dynamics of parent-offspring relationships in many animal species, and it is very likely that future studies of primates will continue to benefit from using POC theory as an explanatory framework.