High effusion rates of the Cordon Caulle 2011-2012 eruption (Southern Andes) and their relation with the quasi-harmonic tremor

High effusion rates of intermediate-to-high-silica lavas seem to be less uncommon than previously thought, in particular during their initial eruptive stages. In this study, we report satellite-based time-averaged discharge rates for the 2011-2012 effusive phase at Cordon Caulle, which are well correlated with the evolution of the quasi-harmonic tremor, the most significant seismic signal after the initial explosive stage. Such a correspondence could become a key method for detection of the onset of effusive phases, especially in remote and/or very cloudy areas, supplying an additional tool for effective warnings and near-real-time hazard appraisal.