Pediatric anesthesia practice and training in Japan: a survey

Background: Pediatric anesthesia in Japan is in the developing stage. The aim of this study was to review pediatric anesthesia training in Japan and to discuss the future prospects for this field. Methods: We sent questionnaires to assess current pediatric anesthetic practice and training to all 106 university hospitals [UHs; response rate, 66% (70/106)] and all 17 children's hospitals [CHs; response rate, 87.5% (15/17)] in Japan. We also sent questionnaires to assess attitudes towards pediatric anesthetic training, to all 280 representatives of the Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists [JSA; response rate, 57.9% (162/280)]. Results: The hospital survey revealed the number of pediatric anesthesia cases encountered in 15 CHs (25 009 cases) to be almost equivalent to that in 70 UHs (29 031 cases). In 19 of these UHs, there were no newborn surgical cases. Forty-nine UHs reported that no special training program existed for pediatric anesthesia, and only five UHs mandated training at CHs. Sixty-six percent of the representative JSA members considered it premature for pediatric anesthesia to become a subspecialty, but 87% considered experience in pediatric anesthesia mandatory for anesthesia board qualification. Conclusions: This survey revealed that although pediatric anesthesia training is considered mandatory, university hospitals lack adequate numbers of pediatric cases and children's hospitals suffer from a shortage of staff positions and anesthesiologists, and hence are unable to satisfy this demand. Most representative members of our society consider it too early to subspecialize pediatric anesthesia in Japan.