Femtosecond laser induced robust Ti foam based evaporator for efficient solar desalination

Solar desalination is a sustainable, low-cost and eco-friendly method for water purification. Current methods for solar evaporation desalination suffer from relatively low efficiencies, complex preparations, high cost, and instability. Here, for the first time, we propose a femtosecond laser structured Ti foam for use in a rapid steam escaping evaporator for solar steam generation. The assembled device has a high water evaporation rate of approximate to 1.79 kg m(-2) h(-1) and a solar steam efficiency of approximate to 90% under one sun irradiation. The device is constructed from a treated Ti foam, insulation cotton and polyurethane sponge. The treated Ti foam possesses efficient broadband solar absorption (>97%), Janus characteristics (superhydrophilicity/hydrophobicity) for pumping water on the vapor surface, and superaerophobicity for rapid vapor release, all of which facilitate confined water evaporation. The underlying insulation cotton alleviates thermal dissipation. The pre-wetted polyurethane sponge supplies water to the Ti foam, thus avoiding direct contact between the treated foam and bulk water. Promisingly, a home-made system was built to verify the feasibility of generating purified water. The femtosecond direct writing technology provides a rapid approach for efficient desalination using natural sunlight.