Glutamatergic Signaling Along The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

被引:242
作者
Baj, Andreina [1 ]
Moro, Elisabetta [2 ]
Bistoletti, Michela [1 ]
Orlandi, Viviana [3 ]
Crema, Francesca [2 ]
Giaroni, Cristina [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Insubria, Dept Med & Surg, Via H Dunant 5, I-21100 Varese, Italy
[2] Univ Pavia, Dept Internal Med & Therapeut, Sect Pharmacol, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
[3] Univ Insubria, Dept Biotechnol & Life Sci, Via H Dunant 5, I-21100 Varese, Italy
关键词
microbiota-gut-brain axis; glutamate; glutamate receptors; dysbiosis; irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); IRRITABLE-BOWEL-SYNDROME; ENTERIC NERVOUS-SYSTEM; L-GLUTAMIC ACID; ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER RELAXATION; ANTIBIOTIC-INDUCED DYSBIOSIS; ASPARTATE RECEPTOR SUBUNITS; NMDA RECEPTORS; VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY; DIETARY GLUTAMATE; MYENTERIC PLEXUS;
D O I
10.3390/ijms20061482
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
A complex bidirectional communication system exists between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Initially termed the "gut-brain axis" it is now renamed the "microbiota-gut-brain axis" considering the pivotal role of gut microbiota in maintaining local and systemic homeostasis. Different cellular and molecular pathways act along this axis and strong attention is paid to neuroactive molecules (neurotransmitters, i.e., noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid and glutamate and metabolites, i.e., tryptophan metabolites), sustaining a possible interkingdom communication system between eukaryota and prokaryota. This review provides a description of the most up-to-date evidence on glutamate as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in this bidirectional communication axis. Modulation of glutamatergic receptor activity along the microbiota-gut-brain axis may influence gut (i.e., taste, visceral sensitivity and motility) and brain functions (stress response, mood and behavior) and alterations of glutamatergic transmission may participate to the pathogenesis of local and brain disorders. In this latter context, we will focus on two major gut disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, both characterized by psychiatric co-morbidity. Research in this area opens the possibility to target glutamatergic neurotransmission, either pharmacologically or by the use of probiotics producing neuroactive molecules, as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of gastrointestinal and related psychiatric disorders.
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页数:37
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