Aquaporins in skeletal muscle: reassessment of the functional role of aquaporin-4

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the major water channel of the neuromuscular system, but its physiological function in both perivascular astrocytes and skeletal muscle sarcolemma is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the following in skeletal muscle: a) the expression of all cloned water cannels; b) the functional role of AQP4 using sarcolemma vesicles purified by means of several fractionation methods, and c) the functional effect of AQP4 reduction in mdx mice, the animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Immunofluorescence and immunoblot experiments performed with affinity purified antibodies revealed that only AQP1 and AQP4 are expressed in mouse skeletal muscle: AQP1 in endothelial cells of continuous capillaries and AQP4 on the plasma membrane of muscle fiber. Plasma membrane vesicle purification was performed with a procedure extensively used to purify and characterize dystrophin-associated proteins (DAPs) from rabbit skeletal muscle. Western blot analysis showed strong co-enrichment of the analyzed DAPs and AQP4, indicating that the membrane vesicle preparation was highly enriched in sarcolemma. Stopped-flow light-scattering measurements showed high osmotic water permeability of sarcolemma vesicles (similar to150 mum/s) compatible with the AQP-mediated pathway for water movement. Sarcolemma vesicles prepared from mdx mice revealed, in parallel with AQP4 disappearance from the plasma membrane, a strong reduction in water permeability compared with wild-type mice. Altogether, these results demonstrate high AQP4-mediated water permeability of the skeletal muscle sarcolemma. Expression of sarcolemmal AQP4 together with that of vascular AQP1 may be responsible for the fast water transfer from the blood into the muscle during intense activity. These data imply an important role for aquaporins in skeletal muscle physiology as well as an involvement of AQP4 in the molecular alterations that occur in the muscle of DMD patients.