A comparative study of UV-induced cell signalling pathways in human keratinocyte-derived cell lines

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can activate the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF kappa B) pathways in skin cells. HaCaT cells are widely used as a primary keratinocyte substitute to study these pathways. However, like most squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), it contains a dysfunctional p53. It is unclear if HaCaT cells activate these signalling pathways similarly to SCC cells (Colo16) or to primary human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). In this study, the UV activation (UVA, UVB, UVA + B, UVB + A) of p38 MAPK, JNK and NF kappa B pathways, and TNF alpha secretion by HEK, HaCaT and Colo16 cells were investigated. The signalling pathway activation was UV-type and dose-dependent with UVB + A radiation inducing a high p38 and JNK activation. HaCaT cells exhibited 2- to 4-fold higher activity of the p38 (771 % at 60 min) and JNK (794 % at 30 min) pathways following UVB + A radiation than did HEK cells (p38: 367 % at 15 min and JNK: 184 % at 30 min). While both HaCaT and Colo16 cells did not activate the NF kappa B pathway, Colo16 cells had a lower p38 and higher JNK activity than HaCaT cells. Irradiated HaCaT cells produced less TNF alpha (UVB: 3.5 pg/ml), while HEK cells produced the most (UVB: 1,296 pg/ml). When co-exposed to IL1 alpha, irradiated HaCaT had the greatest fold of TNF alpha release (UVB: 16.2-fold, UVA + B: 8.9-fold and UVB + A: 6.1-fold). The pattern of activation and TNF alpha secretion of HaCaT cells mirrored that of Colo16 cells. It is likely that the presence of molecular alterations in HaCaT cells may be responsible for its different responses to that seen for HEK cells. The results of this study suggest caution in using HaCaT cells as a substitute for normal keratinocytes in investigating UV-induced cells signalling pathways.