Treatment options forK. pneumoniae,P. aeruginosaandA. baumanniico-resistant to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, polymyxins and tigecycline: an approach based on the mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems

The management of carbapenem-resistant infections is often based on polymyxins, tigecycline, aminoglycosides and their combinations. However, in a recent systematic review, we found that Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) co-resistant to carbapanems, aminoglycosides, polymyxins and tigecycline (CAPT-resistant) are increasingly being reported worldwide. Clinical data to guide the treatment of CAPT-resistant GNB are scarce and based exclusively on few case reports and small case series, but seem to indicate that appropriate (in vitro active) antimicrobial regimens, including newer antibiotics and synergistic combinations, may be associated with lower mortality. In this review, we consolidate the available literature to inform clinicians dealing with CAPT-resistant GNB about treatment options by considering the mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems. In combination with rapid diagnostic methods that allow fast detection of carbapenemase production, the approach proposed in this review may guide a timely and targeted treatment of patients with infections by CAPT-resistant GNB. Specifically, we focus on the three most problematic species, namelyKlebsiella pneumoniae,Pseudomonas aeruginosaandAcinetobacter baumannii. Several treatment options are currently available for CAPT-resistantK. pneumonia. Newer beta-lactam-beta-lactamase combinations, including the combination of ceftazidime/avibactam with aztreonam against metallo-beta-lactamase-producing isolates, appear to be more effective compared to combinations of older agents. Options forP. aeruginosa(especially metallo-beta-lactamase-producing strains) andA. baumanniiremain limited. Synergistic combination of older agents (e.g., polymyxin- or fosfomycin-based synergistic combinations) may represent a last resort option, but their use against CAPT-resistant GNB requires further study.