Accuracy of dental implant surgery using dynamic navigation and robotic systems: An in vitro study

Objectives: To compare the accuracy of dental implant placement using a dynamic navigation and a robotic system. Methods: Eighty three-dimensional (3D) printed phantoms, including edentulous and partially edentulous jaws, were assigned to two groups: a dynamic navigation system (Beidou-SNS) group and a robotic system (Hybrid Robotic System for Dental Implant Surgery, HRS-DIS) group. The entry, exit and angle deviations of the implants in 3D world were measured after pre-operative plans and postoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) fusion. A linear mixed model with a random intercept was applied, and a p value <.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 480 implants were placed in 80 phantoms. The comparison deviation of the dynamic navigation system and robotic system groups showed a mean (+/- SD) entry deviation of 0.96 +/- 0.57 mm vs. 0.83 +/- 0.55 mm (p=0.04), a mean exit deviation of 1.06 +/- 0.59 mm vs. 0.91 +/- 0.56 mm (p=0.04), and a mean angle deviation of 2.41 +/- 1.42 degrees vs. 1 +/- 0.48 degrees (p<0.00). Conclusions: The implant positioning accuracy of the robotic system was superior to that of the dynamic navigation system, suggesting that this prototype robotic system (HRS-DIS) could be a promising tool in dental implant surgery.