What is the Likelihood of Subsequent Arthroplasties after Primary TKA or THA? Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Background Osteoarthritis is common and debilitating, in part because it often affects more than one large weightbearing joint. The likelihood of undergoing more than one total joint arthroplasty has not been studied in a heterogeneous, multicenter population in the United States. Questions/purposes We used prospectively collected data of patients with osteoarthritis from the multicenter Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) project to ask (1) What is the likelihood of a subsequent THA or TKA after primary TKA or THA? (2) What risk factors are associated with undergoing contralateral TKA after primary TKA? Methods Longitudinally maintained data from the OAI were used to identify 332 patients who underwent primary TKA and 132 patients who underwent primary THA for osteoarthritis who did not have a previous TKA or THA in this retrospective study. OAI was a longitudinal cohort study of knee osteoarthritis conducted at five centers in the United States (Columbus, OH, USA; Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Baltimore, MD, USA; Pawtucket, RI, USA; and San Francisco, CA, USA). In this study, the mean follow-up time was 4.0 +/- 2.3 years, with 24% (112 of 464) followed for less than 2 years. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of subsequent arthroplasty calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Age, BMI, gender, and contralateral Kellgren-Lawrence grade, medial joint space width, and hip-knee-ankle angles were modeled as risk factors of contralateral TKA using Cox proportional hazards. Results Using the Kaplan-Meier method, at 8 years the cumulative incidence of contralateral TKA after the index TKA was 40% (95% CI 31 to 49) and the cumulative incidence of any THA after index TKA was 13% (95% CI 5 to 21). The cumulative incidence of contralateral THA after the index THA was 8% (95% CI 2 to 14), and the cumulative incidence of any TKA after index THA was 32% (95% CI 15 to 48). Risk factors for undergoing contralateral TKA were younger age (HR 0.95 for each year of increasing age [95% CI 0.92 to 0.98]; p = 0.001) and loss of medial joint space width with a varus deformity (HR 1.26 for each 1 mm loss of joint space width at 1.6(o)varus [1.06 to 1.51]; p = 0.005). Conclusion Patients who underwent TKA or THA for osteoarthritis had a high rate of subsequent joint arthroplasties in this study conducted at multiple centers in the United States. The rate of subsequent joint arthroplasty determined in this study can be used to counsel patients in similar settings and institutions, and may serve as a benchmark to assess future osteoarthritis disease-modifying interventions.