A critical review of the state of the art of solid-phase microextraction of complex matrices I. Environmental analysis

The present review, the first of a series of three, aims to describe recent developments in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technology in the fields of environmental analysis applied to complex environmental matrices. We offer the reader an introductory, concise discussion of SPME fundamentals followed by a perspective on the most commonly used sample-preparation methods. We give particular attention to a comparison of the more recent SPME developments. We especially emphasize the development of new devices, such as cold fiber and thin films. We address quantitation in complex environmental matrices in this review with a concise discussion on calibration strategies for SPME methods. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.