Experimental and theoretical work on reverse osmosis-Dual stage pressure retarded osmosis hybrid system

Two-pass reverse osmosis desalination is a common process to treat high-salinity feed solution and provides a low-salinity permeate solution. This study investigated the significance of the energy generated by the dual-stage pressure retarded osmosis (DSPRO) from the reverse osmosis (RO) brine stream. The main components of the DSPRO-RO hybrid system are RO, pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), and energy recovery device, and their models are determined. Dymola software, using Modelica modelling language, was utilized for solving the hybrid system models. Two different flowsheets were built; the first included a two-pass RO, while the second is a hybrid of a two-pass RO (2RO)-DSPRO system. Seawater salinities of 40 and 45 g/L were the RO feed solution, and 1 g/L tertiary treated wastewater was the feed solution of the DSPRO process. The net specific energy consumption was calculated for the 2RO and 2RO-DSPRO systems for 40 and 45 g/L salinities. At a 47 % recovery rate and 40 g/L seawater salinity, the 2RO-DSPRO system was 14.7 % more energy efficient than the 2RO system. The corre-sponding energy saving at a 47 % recovery rate and 45 g/L seawater salinity was 17.5 %. The desalination energy for the 2RO system was between 3.25 and 3.49 kWh/m3, and for the 2RO-DSPRO system was between 2.91 and 2.97 kWh/m3. The results demonstrate the great potential of integrating the 2RO with the DSPRO to reduce desalination's energy consumption and environmental impacts.