Simultaneous whole-body PET/MRI with integrated multiparametric MRI for primary staging of high-risk prostate cancer

Purpose Whole-body positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (wbPET/MRI) is a promising diagnostic tool of recurrent prostate cancer (PC), but its role in primary staging of high-risk PC (hrPC) is not well defined. Thus, the aim was to compare the diagnostic accuracy for T-staging of PET-blinded reading (PBR) and PET/MRI. Methods In this prospective study, hrPC patients scheduled to radical prostatectomy (RPx) with extended lymphadenectomy (eLND) were staged with wbPET/MRI and either(68)Ga-PSMA-11 or(11)C-choline including simultaneous multiparametric MRI (mpMRI). Images were assessed in two sessions, first as PBR (mpMRI and wbMRI) and second as wbPET/MRI. Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System criteria (PIRADS v2) were used for T-staging. Results were correlated with the exact anatomical localization and extension as defined by histopathology. Diagnostic accuracy of cTNM stage according to PBR was compared to pathological pTNM stage as reference standard. Results Thirty-four patients underwent wbPET/MRI of(68)Ga-PSMA-11 (n = 17) or(11)C-choline (n = 17). Twenty-four patients meeting the inclusion criteria of localized disease +/- nodal disease based on imaging results underwent RPx and eLND, whereas ten patients were excluded from analysis due to metastatic disease. T-stage was best defined by mpMRI with underestimation of tumor lesion size by PET for both tracers. N-stage yielded a per patient sensitivity/specificity comparable to PBR. Conclusion MpMRI is the primary modality for T-staging in hrPC as PET underestimated T-stage in direct comparison to final pathology. In this selected study, cohort MRI shows no inferiority compared to wbPET/MRI considering N-staging.