Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition

被引:363
作者
Kroll, Judith F. [1 ]
Bialystok, Ellen [2 ]
机构
[1] Penn State Univ, Dept Psychol, Ctr Language Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA
[2] York Univ, Dept Psychol, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
Bilingualism; Executive function; Language processing; EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS; WORD RECOGNITION; SPANISH-ENGLISH; INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES; LEXICAL SELECTION; ACTIVATION; EXPERIENCE; TASK; INTERFERENCE; TRANSLATION;
D O I
10.1080/20445911.2013.799170
中图分类号
B84 [心理学];
学科分类号
04 ; 0402 ;
摘要
Contemporary research on bilingualism has been framed by two major discoveries. In the realm of language processing, studies of comprehension and production show that bilinguals activate information about both languages when using one language alone. Parallel activation of the two languages has been demonstrated for highly proficient bilinguals as well as second language learners and appears to be present even when distinct properties of the languages themselves might be sufficient to bias attention towards the language in use. In the realm of cognitive processing, studies of executive function have demonstrated a bilingual advantage, with bilinguals outperforming their monolingual counterparts on tasks that require ignoring irrelevant information, task switching, and resolving conflict. Our claim is that these outcomes are related and have the overall effect of changing the way that both cognitive and linguistic processing are carried out for bilinguals. In this paper we examine each of these domains of bilingual performance and consider the kinds of evidence needed to support this view. We argue that the tendency to consider bilingualism as a unitary phenomenon explained in terms of simple component processes has created a set of apparent controversies that masks the richness of the central finding in this work: the adult mind and brain are open to experience in ways that create profound consequences for both language and cognition.
引用
收藏
页码:497 / 514
页数:18
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