Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing

被引：271

作者：

Vieira, J. D. ^{[1
]}

Marrone, D. P. ^{[2
]}

Chapman, S. C. ^{[3
,4
]}

De Breuck, C. ^{[5
]}

Hezaveh, Y. D. ^{[6
]}

Weiss, A. ^{[7
]}

Aguirre, J. E. ^{[8
]}

Aird, K. A. ^{[9
]}

Aravena, M. ^{[5
]}

Ashby, M. L. N. ^{[10
]}

Bayliss, M. ^{[11
]}

Benson, B. A. ^{[12
,13
]}

Biggs, A. D. ^{[5
]}

Bleem, L. E. ^{[12
,14
]}

Bock, J. J. ^{[1
,15
]}

Bothwell, M. ^{[2
]}

Bradford, C. M. ^{[15
]}

Brodwin, M. ^{[16
]}

Carlstrom, J. E. ^{[12
,13
,14
,17
,18
]}

Chang, C. L. ^{[12
,13
,18
]}

Crawford, T. M. ^{[12
,17
]}

Crites, A. T. ^{[12
,17
]}

de Haan, T. ^{[6
]}

Dobbs, M. A. ^{[6
]}

Fomalont, E. B. ^{[19
]}

Fassnacht, C. D. ^{[20
]}

George, E. M. ^{[21
]}

Gladders, M. D. ^{[12
,17
]}

Gonzalez, A. H. ^{[22
]}

Greve, T. R. ^{[23
]}

Gullberg, B. ^{[5
]}

Halverson, N. W. ^{[24
,25
]}

High, F. W. ^{[12
,17
]}

Holder, G. P. ^{[6
]}

Holzapfel, W. L. ^{[21
]}

Hoover, S. ^{[12
,13
]}

Hrubes, J. D. ^{[9
]}

Hunter, T. R. ^{[19
]}

Keisler, R. ^{[12
,14
]}

Lee, A. T. ^{[21
,26
]}

Leitch, E. M. ^{[12
,17
]}

Lueker, M. ^{[1
]}

Luong-Van, D. ^{[9
]}

Malkan, M. ^{[27
]}

McIntyre, V. ^{[28
]}

McMahon, J. J. ^{[12
,13
,29
]}

Mehl, J. ^{[12
,17
]}

Menten, K. M. ^{[7
]}

Meyer, S. S. ^{[12
,13
,14
,17
]}

Mocanu, L. M. ^{[12
,17
]}

机构：

[1] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[2] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[3] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada

[4] Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England

[5] European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany

[6] McGill Univ, Dept Phys, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada

[7] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

[8] Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA

[9] Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[10] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[11] Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[12] Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[13] Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[14] Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[15] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA

[16] Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA

[17] Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[18] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA

[19] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA

[20] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA

[21] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[22] Univ Florida, Dept Astron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA

[23] UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England

[24] Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA

[25] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA

[26] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[27] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA

[28] CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia

[29] Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

[30] Observ Carnegie Inst Sci, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA

[31] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA

[32] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Ctr Educ & Res Cosmol & Astrophys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA

[33] Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

[34] Sch Art Inst Chicago, Liberal Arts Dept, Chicago, IL 60603 USA

[35] Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA

[36] Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France

[37] CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France

来源：

NATURE | 2013年 / 495卷 / 7441期

基金：

加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 美国国家科学基金会;

关键词：

SOUTH-POLE TELESCOPE; SUBMILLIMETER GALAXY; MOLECULAR GAS; DEEP-FIELD; REDSHIFT; COUNTS; MODEL;

D O I：

10.1038/nature12001

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

In the past decade, our understanding of galaxy evolution has been revolutionized by the discovery that luminous, dusty starburst galaxies were 1,000 times more abundant in the early Universe than at present(1,2). It has, however, been difficult to measure the complete redshift distribution of these objects, especially at the highest redshifts (z>4). Here we report a redshift survey at a wavelength of three millimetres, targeting carbon monoxide line emission from the star-forming molecular gas in the direction of extraordinarily bright millimetre-wave-selected sources. High-resolution imaging demonstrates that these sources are strongly gravitationally lensed by foreground galaxies. We detect spectral lines in 23 out of 26 sources and multiple lines in 12 of those 23 sources, from which we obtain robust, unambiguous redshifts. At least 10 of the sources are found to lie at z > 4, indicating that the fraction of dusty starburst galaxies at high redshifts is greater than previously thought. Models of lens geometries in the sample indicate that the background objects are ultra-luminous infrared galaxies, powered by extreme bursts of star formation.

引用

页码：344 / 347

页数：4

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