Challenges, recent advances and improvements for enhancing the efficiencies of ABX3-based PeLEDs (perovskites light emitting diodes): A review

Perovskites based LEDs (PeLEDs) have emerged as solid-state devices with sharp linewidths and economical as compared to the organic light-emitting diodes. Several factors contribute to limit the performances of the PeLED devices and hence this review systematically accounts for the main issues that PeLEDs face in their commercialization in light industries. Modification of the cation size via A-site substitution and substitutions at B- and X-sites have been dealt in detail and fine-tuning of electronic structure and optoelectronic properties due to the change in the crystal environment has also been emphasized. The dynamics of the photo-excited state, charge transport, electronic structure, non-radiative recombination, pin-hole formation, exciton confinement have been discussed in detail to improve the PeLED performance. The methods for post-synthesis transformation and low-cost solution-based fabrication have been discussed. We also address the novel studies on quasi-2D perovskites for high spectral stability and other passivating systems. The suggestions have been made for next-generation PeLEDs based on the search for novel emitter material, optimization of charge injection, and light extraction efficiencies. The efficiencies of PeLEDs can be boosted by employing various light-outcoupling techniques have also been demonstrated. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.