Optimal Power Management for The Integrated Multiple Energy Carrier System

The integration of renewable energy sources, green hydrogen, and zero-emission vehicle plays a critical role in achieving net-zero emission goals of an integrated multiple energy carrier system. This paper addresses an optimal energy management problem in an integrated energy system that consists of photovoltaic panels, an office building, electric vehicles, bidirectional charging stations, an electrolyzer as well as a hydrogen refuelling station with a storage system. The implementation of vehicle-to-grid and power-to-gas can discharge the energy of electric vehicle's battery back to the energy system and absorb excess renewable generation through water electrolysis in order to achieve a supply-demand balance and smooth the fluctuation caused by renewable energies. A mixed-integer linear program is developed to coordinate the charging or discharging activities, water electrolysis with renewable generation with an objective of minimizing the system operating costs. We implement our coordinated optimization strategy with a real-world case study to evaluate its performance. The computational results demonstrate that the hydrogen storage displays the greatest potentials to support peak shaving, and vehicle-to-grid can work with renewable generation to stabilize the power profile.