Geographic clustering of elevated blood heavy metal levels in pregnant women

被引:28
作者
King, Katherine E. [1 ]
Darrah, Thomas H. [2 ]
Money, Eric [3 ]
Meentemeyer, Ross [3 ]
Maguire, Rachel L. [4 ]
Nye, Monica D. [5 ]
Michener, Lloyd [6 ]
Murtha, Amy P. [7 ]
Jirtle, Randy [4 ]
Murphy, Susan K. [7 ]
Mendez, Michelle A. [8 ]
Robarge, Wayne [9 ]
Vengosh, Avner [10 ]
Hoyo, Cathrine [4 ]
机构
[1] Duke Univ, BARU, Durham, NC 27708 USA
[2] Ohio State Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Div Water Climate & Environm, Mendenhall Lab 275, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
[3] N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Geospatial Analyt, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
[4] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
[5] Univ N Carolina, Biol Sci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
[6] Duke Univ, Dept Community & Family Med, Durham, NC USA
[7] Duke Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Durham, NC USA
[8] Univ N Carolina, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC USA
[9] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
[10] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA
基金
美国国家卫生研究院;
关键词
Cadmium; Lead; Mercury; Arsenic; Spatial analysis; INFANT BIRTH-WEIGHT; CADMIUM EXPOSURE; DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; MERCURY EXPOSURE; DNA METHYLATION; LEAD; HEALTH; ASSOCIATIONS; NEWBORNS;
D O I
10.1186/s12889-015-2379-9
中图分类号
R1 [预防医学、卫生学];
学科分类号
1004 ; 120402 ;
摘要
Background: Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) exposure is ubiquitous and has been associated with higher risk of growth restriction and cardiometabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, cost-efficient strategies to identify at-risk populations and potential sources of exposure to inform mitigation efforts are limited. The objective of this study was to describe the spatial distribution and identify factors associated with Cd, Pb, Hg, and As concentrations in peripheral blood of pregnant women. Methods: Heavy metals were measured in whole peripheral blood of 310 pregnant women obtained at gestational age similar to 12 weeks. Prenatal residential addresses were geocoded and geospatial analysis (Getis-Ord G(i)* statistics) was used to determine if elevated blood concentrations were geographically clustered. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with elevated blood metal levels and cluster membership. Results: Geospatial clusters for Cd and Pb were identified with high confidence (p-value for G(i)* statistic <0.01). The Cd and Pb clusters comprised 10.5 and 9.2 % of Durham County residents, respectively. Medians and interquartile ranges of blood concentrations (mu g/dL) for all participants were Cd 0.02 (0.01-0.04), Hg 0.03 (0.01-0.07), Pb 0.34 (0.16-0.83), and As 0.04 (0.04-0.05). In the Cd cluster, medians and interquartile ranges of blood concentrations (mu g/dL) were Cd 0.06 (0.02-0.16), Hg 0.02 (0.00-0.05), Pb 0.54 (0.23-1.23), and As 0.05 (0.04-0.05). In the Pb cluster, medians and interquartile ranges of blood concentrations (mu g/dL) were Cd 0.03 (0.02-0.15), Hg 0.01 (0.01-0.05), Pb 0.39 (0.24-0.74), and As 0.04 (0.04-0.05). Co-exposure with Pb and Cd was also clustered, the p-values for the G(i)* statistic for Pb and Cd was < 0.01. Cluster membership was associated with lower education levels and higher pre-pregnancy BMI. Conclusions: Our data support that elevated blood concentrations of Cd and Pb are spatially clustered in this urban environment compared to the surrounding areas. Spatial analysis of metals concentrations in peripheral blood or urine obtained routinely during prenatal care can be useful in surveillance of heavy metal exposure.
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页数:12
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