Machine Learning in Medicine

A 49-year-old patient notices a painless rash on his shoulder but does not seek care. Months later, his wife asks him to see a doctor, who diagnoses a seborrheic keratosis. Later, when the patient undergoes a screening colonoscopy, a nurse notices a dark macule on his shoulder and advises him to have it evaluated. One month later, the patient sees a dermatologist, who obtains a biopsy specimen of the lesion. The findings reveal a noncancerous pigmented lesion. Still concerned, the dermatologist requests a second reading of the biopsy specimen, and invasive melanoma is diagnosed. An oncologist initiates treatment with systemic chemotherapy. A physician friend asks the patient why he is not receiving immunotherapy.