Antibiotic resistance propagation through probiotics

Introduction The widespread use of probiotics globally has established an argument against their safety profile. Recent studies investigated the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) amongst opportunistic pathogens, probiotics, and the normal microbiota which might cause severe clinical implications. Areas covered In this review, we aimed to discuss the potential role of probiotics in spreading antibiotic resistance. All relevant data were found through online/updated databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov. This review is based on the studies undertaken over the past two decades (2000-2020). Expert opinion Microorganisms are capable of transferring resistance genes to survive against antimicrobial medications. Transference of resistance genes among pathogens, probiotics, and gut microbiota in the GIT through HGT endow probiotics as a possible source for antimicrobial resistance genes, which is responsible for the development of the antibiotic resistance crisis. According to the expression of genes in mechanisms of antibiotics resistance and probiotics HGT, the hypothesis of the role of these microorganisms in personalized medicine and gene therapy could also be considered.