Explosively driven particle fields imaged using a high speed framing camera and particle image velocimetry

A high speed framing camera and a particle image velocimetry instrument were used to determine the properties of explosively driven particle fields in early microsecond and later millisecond times. Test items were configured in a two inch long cylindrical shape with a half inch diameter core of organic explosive. The core was surrounded by a particle bed of aluminum or tungsten powder of a specific particle size distribution. Position data from the leading edge of the particle fronts for each charge was recorded with a high speed framing camera at early time and with a particle image velocimetry (PIV) instrument at later time to determine particle velocity. Using a PIV image, a velocity gradient along the length of the particle field was established by using the mean particle velocity value determined from three separate horizontal bands that transverse the particle field. The results showed slower particles at the beginning of the particle field closest to the source and faster ones at the end. Differences in particle dispersal, luminescence, and agglomeration were seen when changes in the initial particle size and material type were made. The aluminum powders showed extensive luminescence with agglomeration forming large particle structures while the tungsten powder showed little luminescence, agglomeration and no particle structures. Combining velocity data from the high speed framing camera and PIV, the average drag coefficient for each powder type was determined. The particle field velocities and drag coefficients at one meter showed good agreement with the numerical data produced from a computational fluid dynamics code that takes advantage of both Eulerian and Lagrangian solvers to track individual particles after a set post detonation time interval. Published by Elsevier Ltd.