Motivations for bribery and bribery in business: Vietnam past and present

From a novel historical angle, this paper examines a fundamental question of why bribery is so prevalent throughout Vietnamese history, why it has become a culturally acceptable norm, and what historical factors attributed to its prevalence at all levels, individual, firm, and country. We examine the moderating effect of Vietnam's historical eras on the relationship between the ethical judgement of bribery and the likelihood of bribing. Moreover, the concept of strategic firm competition is introduced to the ongoing debate on whether large firms are more likely to bribe and whether there is a link between market openness and bribery.