Zinc isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation and the isotopic composition of the bulk Earth

The zinc stable isotope system has been successfully applied to many and varied fields in geochemistry, but to date it is still not completely clear how this isotope system is affected by igneous processes. In order to evaluate the potential application of Zn isotopes as a proxy for planetary differentiation and volatile history, it is important to constrain the magnitude of Zn isotopic fractionation induced by magmatic differentiation. In this study we present high-precision Zn isotope analyses of two sets of chemically diverse, cogenetic samples from Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii, and Hekla volcano, Iceland, which both show clear evidence of having undergone variable and significant degrees of magmatic differentiation. The Kilauea Iki samples display small but resolvable variations in Zn isotope composition (0.26 parts per thousand < delta Zn-66 < 0.36 parts per thousand; delta Zn-66 defined as the per mule deviation of a sample's Zn-66/Zn-64 compositional ratio from the JMC-Lyon standard), with the most differentiated lithologies exhibiting more positive delta Zn-66 values. This fractionation is likely a result of the crystallization of olivine and/or Fe-Ti oxides, which can both host Zn in their crystal structures. Samples from Hekla have a similar range of isotopic variation (0.22 parts per thousand < delta Zn-66 < 0.33 parts per thousand), however, the degree of fractionation caused by magmatic differentiation is less significant (only 0.07 parts per thousand) and no correlation between isotope composition and degree of differentiation is seen. We conclude that high temperature magmatic differentiation can cause Zn isotope fractionation that is resolvable at current levels of precision, but only in compositionally-evolved lithologies. With regards to primitive (ultramafic and basaltic) material, this signifies that the terrestrial mantle is essentially homogeneous with respect to Zn isotopes. Utilizing basaltic and ultramafic sample analyses, from different geologic settings, we estimate that the average Zn isotopic composition of Bulk Silicate Earth is delta Zn-66=0.28 +/- 0.05 parts per thousand (2s.d.). (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.