Bladder treatment - Immunotherapy and chemotherapy

A variety of therapy related changes are observed in the urinary bladder and urinary cytology but most are non-specific. Practical problems in evaluating therapy related lesions are of great importance in cytology specimens and biopsies in which therapy associated cytologic atypia remains the most common cause of false-positive reports. Accurate assessment of treatment effects on the bladder is often further confounded by lack of information concerning the condition of the patient before therapy and the duration of exposure to the regimen. To avoid diagnostic pitfalls, clinicopathologic correlation is mandatory.