Large-Area Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cell Modules Fabricated by a Temperature-Independent Printing Method

Despite recent breakthroughs in the fabrication of spin-coated small-area devices (<= 0.1 cm(2)) with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of more than 17%, printed large-area organic solar cells (OSCs) are significantly less efficient because of the intrinsic differences between the coating dynamics of the two types of OSCs. The PCEs of printed large-area (similar to 100 cm(2)) OSCs have typically been decreased compared with those of small-area spin-coated devices. In this work, an efficient low-temperature printing method to fabricate high-efficiency large-area nonfullerene-based OSC modules is successfully demonstrated. A systematic study of the relationship between the concentration of the photoactive solution and the resulting film properties reveals that the large-area modules (85 cm(2)) produced in this work deliver excellent performance, yielding PCEs of up to 8.18% with a geometric fill factor of 85%. These novel OSC modules are similar to 87% as efficient as small-area printed single cells (cell PCE similar to 9.43% with 1 cm(2)).