Experimental U.S. Census Bureau Race and Hispanic Origin Survey Questions: Reactions From Spanish Speakers

People of Hispanic origin, including monolingual Spanish speakers, have experienced difficulty identifying with a race category on U.S. demographic surveys. As part of a larger research effort by the U.S. Census Bureau to improve race and Hispanic origin questions for the 2020 Census, we tested experimental versions of race and Hispanic origin questions in Spanish. About half of the versions asked about race and Hispanic origin in separate questions, while the rest asked about these constructs in a combined question format. Cognitive interviews with 33 monolingual Spanish-speaking participants indicated that (a) most participants affirmatively claimed Hispanic origin on the separate and combined formats, but had difficulty selecting or declined to select a race category on the separate question formats and (b) most participants perceived few differences between Hispanic origin and race. In comparison with the separate race and Hispanic origin questions, the combined question facilitated more satisfactory self-identifications.