Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water

被引：95

作者：

Colford, John M., Jr. ^{[1
]}

Schiff, Kenneth C. ^{[2
]}

Griffith, John F. ^{[2
]}

Yau, Vince ^{[1
]}

Arnold, Benjamin F. ^{[1
]}

Wright, Catherine C. ^{[1
]}

Gruber, Joshua S. ^{[1
]}

Wade, Timothy J. ^{[3
]}

Burns, Susan ^{[4
]}

Hayes, Jacqueline ^{[4
]}

McGee, Charles ^{[5
]}

Gold, Mark ^{[6
]}

Cao, Yiping ^{[2
]}

Noble, Rachel T. ^{[7
]}

Haugland, Richard ^{[8
]}

Weisberg, Stephen B. ^{[2
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[2] So Calif Coastal Water Res Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 USA

[3] US EPA, Natl Environm Hlth Effects Res Lab, Chapel Hill, NC 27711 USA

[4] Univ Calif Berkeley, Survey Res Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[5] Orange Cty Sanitat Dist, Fountain Valley, CA 92708 USA

[6] Heal Bay, Santa Monica, CA 90401 USA

[7] Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA

[8] US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA

来源：

WATER RESEARCH | 2012年 / 46卷 / 07期

关键词：

Gastrointestinal illness; Recreational water quality; Diarrhea; Indicator organisms; qPCR; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GASTROINTESTINAL ILLNESS; SUNLIGHT INACTIVATION; RECREATIONAL BEACHES; SPECIES DISTRIBUTION; QUANTITATIVE PCR; OCEAN WATER; FRESH-WATER; SURF ZONE; QUALITY;

D O I：

10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.033

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

Background: Traditional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) measurement is too slow (>18 h) for timely swimmer warnings. Objectives: Assess relationship of rapid indicator methods (qPCR) to illness at a marine-beach impacted by urban runoff. Methods: We measured baseline and two-week health in 9525 individuals visiting Doheny Beach 2007-08. Illness rates were compared (swimmers vs. non-swimmers). FIB measured by traditional (Enterococcus spp. by EPA Method 1600 or Enterolert (TM), fecal coliforms, total coliforms) and three rapid qPCR assays for Enterococcus spp. (Taqman, Scorpion-1, Scorpion-2) were compared to health. Primary bacterial source was a creek flowing untreated into ocean; the creek did not reach the ocean when a sand berm formed. This provided a natural experiment for examining FIB-health relationships under varying conditions. Results: We observed significant increases in diarrhea (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.29-2.80 for swallowing water) and other outcomes in swimmers compared to non-swimmers. Exposure (body immersion, head immersion, swallowed water) was associated with increasing risk of gastrointestinal illness (GI). Daily GI incidence patterns were different: swimmers (2-day peak) and non-swimmers (no peak). With berm-open, we observed associations between GI and Traditional and rapid methods for Enterococcus; fewer associations occurred when berm status was not considered. Conclusions: We found increased risk of GI at this urban runoff beach. When FIB source flowed freely (berm-open), several traditional and rapid indicators were related to illness. When FIB source was weak (berm-closed) fewer illness associations were seen. These different relationships under different conditions at a single beach demonstrate the difficulties using these indicators to predict health risk. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

引用

页码：2176 / 2186

页数：11

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