Impact of transition metal incorporation on the photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity of polymeric carbon nitride

Incorporation of transition metals in polymeric carbon nitride (CN) is an effective strategy to enhance its pho-tocatalytic CO2 reduction activity, however, the difference of activity enhancement by incorporating different metals is not well understood. Herein, CN is modified with different transition metals by pyrolyzing the mixtures of urea and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to obtain MCN (M = Cu, Co, Ti or Fe). For each given type of metal-modified CN, the photocatalytic CO(2 )reduction activity is optimized by controlling the content of MOF precursor during pyrolysis. The optimized MCN delivers significantly enhanced CO evolution rate than pure CN, in the order of CN (83 mu mol g(-1) h(-1)) < CuCN (246 mu mol g(-1) h(-1)) < CoCN (326 mu mol g(-1) h(-1)) < TiCN (454 mu mol g(-1) h(-1)) < FeCN (490 mu mol g(-1) h(-1)). It is revealed that for CuCN and CoCN, Cu and Co are doped in CN. In contrast, for TiCN and FeCN, Ti and Fe exist as TiO2 and Fe2O3 forming Z-scheme heterojunctions with CN. The progressively improved photocatalytic activity corresponds to the increased specific surface area, CO(2 )adsorption capacity, visible light absorption as well as charge separation and transfer efficiency. Furthermore, we design and prepare bimetal incorporated CN through combining metal doping with heterojunction construction strategies, i. e., Cu doped CN/TiO2 and Co doped CN/Fe2O3, which exhibit further enhanced CO2 photoreduction perfor-mance with CO evolution rates of 613 and 718 mu mol g(-1) h(-1,) respectively. This work provides insight into the design and preparation of highly efficient CN-based photocatalytic materials.