Transporter occluded-state conformation-induced endocytosis: Amino acid transporter ATB0,+-mediated tumor targeting of liposomes for docetaxel delivery for hepatocarcinoma therapy

Rapidly proliferating tumor cells upregulate specific amino acid transporters, which hold great potential for tumor-selective drug delivery. Published reports have focused primarily on blocking these transporters as a means of starving the tumor cells of amino acids, but their potential in drug delivery remains understudied. In the present study, we developed liposomes functionalized with lysine and polyoxyethylene stearate conjugate (LPS) to interact with ATB(0,+), an amino acid transporter overexpressed in hepatocarcinoma and the liver cancer cell line HepG2. The LPS modified liposomes (LPS-Lips) were similar to 100 nm in size and exhibited high drug encapsulation efficiency as 94.7%. The uptake of LPS-Lips in HepG2 cells was dependent on Na+ and Cl-. Molecular dynamic simulation showed that a sustained occluded state of the transporter upon binding to co-transported ions was formed and LPS-Lips triggered the cellular internalization of liposomes. We loaded these LPS-Lips with docetaxel and evaluated the potential of ATB(0,+)-mediated endocytosis of the drug-loaded LPS-Lips in HepG2 cells in vitro and in syngeneic mouse transplants in vivo. Compared with unmodified liposomes, which did not interact with ATB(0,+), LPS-Lips exhibited the ability to deliver docetaxel more efficiently into tumor cells with consequent greater antitumor efficacy and less systemic toxicity. These studies provide first evidences that ATB(0,+) can be used as a novel and effective target for drug delivery system in tumor cells using chemically modified liposomes for loading with chemotherapeutics and targeting them for the transporter-mediated endocytosis. As ATB(0,+) is highly upregulated in several cancers, this approach holds potential for tumor-selective delivery of drugs to treat these cancer types. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.