Contribution of each membrane binding domain of the CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase-α dimer to its activation, membrane binding, and membrane cross-bridging

CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT), a rate-limiting enzyme in phosphatidylcholine synthesis, is regulated by reversible membrane interactions mediated by an amphipathic helical domain ( M) that binds selectively to anionic lipids. CCT is a dimer; thus the functional unit has two M domains. To probe the functional contribution of each domain M we prepared a CCT heterodimer composed of one full-length subunit paired with a CCT subunit truncated before domain M that was also catalytically dead. We compared this heterodimer to the full-length homodimer with respect to activation by anionic vesicles, vesicle binding affinities, and promotion of vesicle aggregation. Surprisingly for all three functions the dimer with just one domain M behaved similarly to the dimer with two M domains. Full activation of the wild-type subunit was not impaired by loss of one domain M in its partner. Membrane binding affinities were the same for dimers with one versus two M domains, suggesting that the two M domains of the dimer do not engage a single bilayer simultaneously. Vesicle cross-bridging was also unhindered by loss of one domain M, suggesting that another motif couples with domain M for cross-bridging anionic membranes. Mutagenesis revealed that the positively charged nuclear localization signal sequence constitutes that second motif for membrane cross-bridging. We propose that the two M domains of the CCT dimer engage a single bilayer via an alternating binding mechanism. The tethering function involves the cooperation of domain M and the nuclear localization signal sequence, each engaging separate membranes. Membrane binding of a single M domain is sufficient to fully activate the enzymatic activity of the CCT dimer while sustaining the low affinity, reversible membrane interaction required for regulation of CCT activity.