CD24 Is an Effector of HIF-1-Driven Primary Tumor Growth and Metastasis

Hypoxia drives malignant progression in part by promoting accumulation of the oncogenic transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) in tumor cells. Tumor aggressiveness also relates to elevation of the cancer stem cell-associated membrane protein CD24, which has been causally implicated in tumor formation and metastasis in experimental models. Here, we link these two elements by showing that hypoxia induces CD24 expression through a functional hypoxia responsive element in the CD24 promoter. HIF-1 alpha overexpression induced CD24 mRNA and protein under normoxic conditions, with this effect traced to a recruitment of endogenous HIF-1 alpha to the CD24 promoter. Short hairpin RNA-mediated attenuation of HIF-1 alpha or CD24 expression reduced cancer cell survival in vitro and in vivo at the levels of primary and metastatic tumor growth. CD24 overexpression in HIF-1 alpha-depleted cancer cells rescued this decrease, whereas HIF-1 alpha overexpression in CD24-depleted cells did not. Analysis of clinical tumor specimens revealed a correlation between HIF-1 alpha and CD24 levels and an association of their coexpression to decreased patient survival. Our results establish a mechanistic linkage between 2 critically important molecules in cancer, identifying CD24 as a critical HIF-1 alpha transcriptional target and biologic effector, strengthening the rationale to target CD24 for cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 72(21); 5600-12. (C)2012 AACR.