Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles from Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis Differentially Regulate Intestinal UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Partially Through Toll-Like Receptor 4/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) constitutes an important part of intestinal epithelial barrier and catalyzes glucuronidation of many endogenous compounds and drugs. Downregulation of UGT1A1 in inflammation has been reported, whereas the association with gut dysbiosis is poorly defined. This study verified the involvement of gut microbiota in intestinal UGT1A1 regulation using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced rat colitis model plus fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Generally, both DSS induction and colitis-to-normal FMT suppressed mRNA and protein expressions of UGT1A1 and nuclear xenobiotic receptors (NRs) in colon, but enhanced mRNA and decreased protein of rat UGT1A1/rat NRs in small intestine. Normal-to-colitis FMT alleviated DSS-induced changes. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from colitis rats and rats receiving colitis feces reduced both mRNA and protein of human UGT1A1 (hUGT1A1)/human NRs (hNRs) in Caco-2 cells. Interestingly, using deoxycholate to reduce lipopolysaccharide, normal OMVs upregulated hUGT1A1/hNRs, whereas colitis OMVs decreased, indicating the involvement of other OMVs components in UGT1A1 regulation. The 10- to 50-kDa fractions from both normal and colitis OMVs downregulated hUGT1A1, human PXR, and human PPAR-gamma, whereas > 50-kDa fractions from normal rats upregulated hUGT1A1 and human CAR. Additionally, the conditioned medium from OMVs-stimulated rat primary macrophages also reduced hUGT1A1/hNRs expression. Both Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 were activated by DSS, colitis-to-normal FMT, and the opposite, whereas only TLR4 was increased in OMVs-treated cells. TLR4 small interfering RNA blocked hUGT1A1/hNRs downregulation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor kappa B phosphorylation evoked by bacterial OMVs. Taken together, this study demonstrated that gut microbiota regulate intestinal UGT1A1 partially through secreting OMVs, which interact with intestinal epithelial cells directly or via activating macrophage.