Transesterification of sunflower oil over zeolites using different metal loading:: A case of leaching and agglomeration studies

The aim of this study was to analyse the catalytic performance of several heterogeneous catalysts in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol. In order to characterize the different catalysts, nitrogen adsorption/desorption and CO(2) temperature programmed desorption were used. The transesterification of sunflower oil was carried out using three different zeolites: mordenite, beta and X, to determine the influence of the kind of zeolite on the methyl ester production. The influence of the metal incorporation technique was studied using both impregnation and ion-exchange methods. Also, the transesterification reaction was carried out using catalysts with different metal loading. Finally, zeolite X was agglomerated with a binder, sodium bentonite, to study how the presence of a binder could change the catalytic performance of the zeolite. A methyl ester content of 93.5 and 95.1 wt% was obtained at 60 degrees C employing zeolite X with or without sodium bentonite, respectively. All biodiesel synthesized were characterized using the standard UNE-EN 14214. A complete deactivation study was carried out in order to check the sodium leaching from the catalyst. The results supported the hypothesis of a homogeneous-like mechanism where the alkali methoxide species were leached out. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.