Altered breast milk components in preeclampsia; An in-vitro proton NMR spectroscopy study

Objective: To investigate the metabolic profile of milk on day 3 and at the 6th month of lactation in mothers with preeclampsia (PE) and normotensive mothers. Study design: Women with PE (n = 29) and control women (n = 31) were recruited for this study. Milk was collected on day 3 and at the 6th month of lactation. Proton NMR spectroscopy was used to identify 25 milk metabolites (alpha-lactose, beta-lactose, oligosaccharides, myo-inositol, alanine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, valine, acetone, citrate, creatine, phosphocreatine, acetate, choline, lactate, lipid, phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine). Principle component analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) were carried out to identify differences in milk metabolite composition between both the groups. Results: The levels of milk metabolites varied between the control and PE groups. Alpha and beta-lactose, glycine, glycerophosphocholine (p < 0.01 for all); glutamate, glutamine and phosphocholine levels (p < 0.05 for all) were increased at the 6th month as compared to day 3 of lactation in the control group. However, in the PE group, only glycerophosphocholine level showed an increase (p < 0.01) at the 6th month. The levels of acetate, acetone (p < 0.05 for both) and creatine (p < 0.01) decreased at the 6th month as compared to day 3 of lactation in both groups. However, the levels of oligosaccharides were similar between groups and also similar at day 3 and at the 6th month of lactation. Conclusion: Our data indicates differential levels of metabolites in the milk of women with PE. Future studies are required to investigate the associations between milk components and infant growth and development. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.