The role of postprandial very-low-density lipoprotein in the development of atrial remodeling in metabolic syndrome

Background Negatively charged very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-chi) in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients exerts cytotoxic effects on endothelial cells and atrial myocytes. Atrial cardiomyopathy, manifested by atrial remodeling with a dilated diameter, contributes to atrial fibrillation pathogenesis and predicts atrial fibrillation development. The correlation of VLDL-chi with atrial remodeling is unknown. This study investigated the association between VLDL-chi and remodeling of left atrium. Methods Consecutively, 87 MetS and 80 non-MetS individuals between 23 and 74 years old (50.6% men) without overt cardiovascular diseases were included in the prospective cohort study. Blood samples were collected while fasting and postprandially (at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h after a unified meal). VLDL was isolated by ultracentrifugation; the percentile concentration of VLDL-chi (%) was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The correlations of left atrium diameter (LAD) with variables including VLDL-chi, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, glucose, and blood pressure, were analyzed by multiple linear regression models. A hierarchical linear model was conducted to test the independencies of each variable's correlation with LAD. Results The mean LAD was 3.4 +/- 0.5 cm in non-MetS subjects and 3.9 +/- 0.5 cm in MetS patients (P < 0.01). None of the fasting lipid profiles were associated with LAD. VLDL-chi, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and blood pressure were positively correlated with LAD (allP < 0.05) after adjustment for age and sex. Significant interactions between VLDL-chi and blood pressure, waist circumference, and hip circumference were observed. When adjusted for obesity- and blood pressure-related variables, 2-h postprandial VLDL-chi (mean 1.30 +/- 0.61%) showed a positive correlation with LAD in MetS patients. Each 1% VLDL-chi increase was estimated to increase LAD by 0.23 cm. Conclusions Postprandial VLDL-chi is associated with atrial remodeling particularly in the MetS group. VLDL-chi is a novel biomarker and may be a therapeutic target for atrial cardiomyopathy in MetS patients.