The Role of Saline and Sodium Bicarbonate Preprocedural Hydration to Prevent Mid-term Renal Insufficiency in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objective Persistent renal damage (RD) three months after exposure to contrast media is associated with contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) and poor clinical outcomes. Little is known about the role of preprocedural hydration on persistent RD in patients with chronic kidney disease [CKD; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)] undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We therefore examined the use of preprocedural hydration to decrease the incidence of persistent RD. Methods Between 2012 and 2015, 1,230 consecutive patients undergoing PCI, except for patients with an eGFR >= 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, on dialysis, having acute myocardial infarction, or recently having started renin-angiotensin inhibitors, were screened (n=333). Before their index PCI, the 12-h saline group (n=103) received 1 mL/kg/h 0.9% sodium chloride for 12 hours, and the 1-h bicarbonate group (n=63) received 3 mL/kg 154 mEq/L sodium bicarbonate for 1 hour. The control group (n=167) received no pre-procedural hydration. The study outcome of kidney function decline was investigated using the percent-change (%-change) of the calculated creatinine clearance between the baseline value and the lowest value recorded three to six months after index PCI. Results There was less renal function deterioration in the saline group than in the control group, and the bicarbonate group showed deterioration similar to the other groups (%-change; 12-h saline 2.0 +/- 11.3% vs. control -5.6 +/- 12.6%, p<0.001; vs. 1-h bicarbonate -1.8 +/- 14.1%, p=0.18; 1-h bicarbonate vs. control, p=0.14 ANOVA). A multiple regression analysis adjusted for risk factors for persistent RD showed that saline hydration correlated independently with a higher %-change (r=0.262, p<0.001). Conclusion Preprocedural 12-h saline may be better than no preprocedural hydration in preventing midterm renal insufficiency in CKD patients undergoing PCI.