Graphene-based screen-printed electrochemical (bio)sensors and their applications: Efforts and criticisms

K.S. Novoselov in his Nobel lecture (December 8, 2010), described graphene as "more than just a flat crystal" and summarized the best possible impression of graphene with (i) it is the first example of 2D atomic crystals, (ii) it demonstrated unique electronic properties, thanks to charge carriers which mimic massless relativistic particles, and (iii) it has promise for a number of applications. The fascinating and unusual properties of this 2D material were indeed recently investigated and exploited in several disciplines including physics, medicine, and chemistry, indicating the extremely versatile and polyedric aspect of this nanomaterial. The utilization of nanomaterials, printed technology, and microfluidics in electroanalysis has resulted in a period that can be called the "Electroanalysis Renaissance" (Escarpa, 2012) in which graphene is without any doubt a forefront nanomaterial. The rise in affordable fabrication processes, along with the great dispersing attitude in a plenty of matrices, have made graphene powerful in large-scale production of electrochemical platforms. Herein, we overview the employment of graphene to customize and/or fabricate printable based (bio)sensors over the past 5 years, including several modification approaches such as drop casting, screen- and inkjet-printing, different strategies of graphene-based sensing, and applications as well. The objective of this review is to provide a critical perspective related to advantages and disadvantages of using graphene in biosensing tools, based on screen-printed sensors. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.