The cost to health services of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection among tuberculosis patients in Sudan

Objective: To compare the cost of managing HIV-positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis (TB) patients in Sudan. Methods: A prospective cohort of 1797 consecutive TB patients referred to the chest clinics within the general health services from March 1998 to March 2000 were included in this study. Patients were tested blindly for HIV; 1724 were HIV-negative and 73 were HIV-positive. Findings: The total cost associated with management of tuberculosis was significantly higher for HIV-positive, as compared with HIV-negative TB patients (US $ 105.08 versus 73.92, p = 0.003). This difference was due mainly to greater costs for hospitalization of those HIV-positive, as compared with those HIV-negative (190.80 versus 141.00, p = 0.001). The differences in cost for diagnostic tests, for drugs, for management of adverse reactions and for intercurrent symptoms were not significant (p > 0.05) between HIV-positive TB patients and HIV-negative TB patients. Side effects of treatment were slightly more common among persons without HIV infection than among HIV-positive patients (14 and 9.6%, respectively). The total cost of management of HIV-positive patients in this series of patients was 6% of all costs for TB case management and the marginal cost attributable to HIV-positivity was 0.9% of the total cost. Conclusion: The management of the HIV-positive TB case was more costly than that of the HIV-negative case in this stage of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Sudan. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.