Electrochemical biosensing of uric acid: A review

Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine derivatives in human metabolism. Both low and high levels of UA lead to a various number of disorders such as Wilson's disease, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, kidney-related diseases. The normal range of UA in human blood serum should be fall between 0.13-0.46 mM and 1.49-4.46 mM in urine. The present review article highlights the various electrochemical biosensors developed for uric acid monitoring, with special emphasis on enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods. The enzymatic biosensors showed a concentration range between 100-107 nM and limit of detection from 0.52 to 5 x 109 nM whereas non- enzymatic biosensors showed concentration range in between 1-9 x 105 nM and limit of detection in range of 0.1-700 nM. These biosensors computed UA levels in various biological and pharmaceutical samples. Future perspectives for better improvement and commercialization of UA biosensors are also conferred.